Kuki amatara yaka umuhanda yahisemo amabara atatu yumutuku, umuhondo nicyatsi?

Itara ritukura ni "hagarara", itara ry'icyatsi ni "genda", kandi itara ry'umuhondo riri kuri "genda vuba".Iyi ni formulaire yumuhanda twafashe mumutwe kuva mubana, ariko uzi impamvuitara ryakahitamo umutuku, umuhondo, n'icyatsi aho guhitamo andi mabara?

Ibara ryamatara yaka

Turabizi ko urumuri rugaragara nuburyo bwa electromagnetic waves, kikaba igice cyumuriro wa electromagnetique ushobora kubonwa nijisho ryumuntu.Ku mbaraga zimwe, uburebure bwumuraba, niko bidashoboka gutatana, kandi bigenda kure.Uburebure bwumurongo wumuriro wa electromagnetique amaso yabantu basanzwe ashobora kubona ni hagati ya nanometero 400 na 760, kandi uburebure bwumucyo wumucyo utandukanye nabyo biratandukanye.Muri byo, uburebure bwumurongo wumucyo utukura ni 760 ~ 622 nanometero;uburebure bwumurongo wumucyo wumuhondo ni 597 ~ 577 nanometero;uburebure bwumurabyo wurumuri rwicyatsi ni 577 ~ 492 nanometero.Kubwibyo, yaba itara ryizunguruka cyangwa itara ryumuhanda, amatara yimodoka azashyirwa kumurongo wumutuku, umuhondo, nicyatsi.Hejuru cyangwa ibumoso igomba kuba itara ritukura, mugihe itara ry'umuhondo riri hagati.Hariho impamvu yiyi gahunda - niba voltage idahindagurika cyangwa izuba rikomeye, gahunda ihamye yamatara yerekana ibimenyetso byoroshye kugirango umushoferi amenye, kugirango arinde umutekano wo gutwara.

Amateka yumucyo ucana

Amatara ya mbere yimodoka yaka yagenewe gari ya moshi aho kuba imodoka.Kuberako umutuku ufite uburebure burebure mu burebure bugaragara, burashobora kugaragara kure kuruta andi mabara.Kubwibyo, ikoreshwa nkitara ryerekana ibimenyetso byumuhanda kuri gari ya moshi.Muri icyo gihe, kubera imiterere yacyo ishimishije, imico myinshi ifata umutuku nkikimenyetso kiburira akaga.

Icyatsi ni icya kabiri gusa kumuhondo muburyo bugaragara, bigatuma ibara ryoroshye kubona.Mu matara ya gari ya moshi ya mbere, icyatsi cyerekanaga "umuburo", mugihe ibara ritagira ibara cyangwa ryera ryerekanaga "traffic yose".

Ukurikije “Ibimenyetso bya Gariyamoshi”, amabara y'umwimerere y'amatara ya gari ya moshi yari yera, icyatsi n'umutuku.Itara ry'icyatsi ryerekanaga umuburo, itara ryera ryerekana ko ari byiza kugenda, naho itara ritukura ryerekana guhagarara no gutegereza, nkuko bimeze ubu.Ariko, mugukoresha nyabyo, amatara yerekana amabara nijoro aragaragara cyane imbere yinyubako zirabura, mugihe amatara yera ashobora guhuzwa nibintu byose.Kurugero, ukwezi gusanzwe, amatara, ndetse n'amatara yera arashobora guhuzwa nayo.Muri iki gihe, umushoferi arashobora guteza impanuka cyane kuko adashobora gutandukanya neza.

Igihe cyo kuvumbura urumuri rwumuhondo rwatinze ugereranije, kandi uwahimbye ni Umushinwa Hu Ruding.Amatara yo mumodoka yo hambere yari afite amabara abiri gusa, umutuku nicyatsi.Igihe Hu Ruding yigaga muri Amerika mu myaka ye ya mbere, yagendaga mu muhanda.Igihe itara ry'icyatsi ryaka, yari hafi gukomeza igihe imodoka yahindukaga yamunyuze, ikamutera ubwoba mu modoka.Mu icyuya gikonje.Kubwibyo, yazanye igitekerezo cyo gukoresha urumuri rwumuhondo rwumuhondo, ni ukuvuga, umuhondo-ugaragara cyane wumuhondo ufite uburebure bwumurongo wa kabiri ugaragara kumutuku gusa, kandi akaguma mumwanya "wo kuburira" kugirango yibutse abantu akaga.

Mu 1968, Umuryango w’abibumbye “Amasezerano yerekeye ibinyabiziga byo mu muhanda n’ibimenyetso by’imihanda n’ibimenyetso” yavugaga ibisobanuro by’amatara atandukanye yaka ibinyabiziga.Muri byo, urumuri rwerekana umuhondo rukoreshwa nkikimenyetso cyo kuburira.Ibinyabiziga bireba itara ry'umuhondo ntibishobora kurenga umurongo uhagarara, ariko iyo ikinyabiziga cyegereye cyane umurongo uhagarara kandi ntigishobora guhagarara neza mugihe, kirashobora kwinjira mumihanda no gutegereza.Kuva icyo gihe, aya mabwiriza yakoreshejwe ku isi yose.

Ibyavuzwe haruguru ni ibara n'amateka yumucyo ucana amatara, niba ushishikajwe no gucana urumuri, ikaze kuri contactibinyabiziga bimurika urumuriQixiang tosoma byinshi.