Kubera ko imijyi n'imodoka bikomeje kwiyongera mu Bushinwa, urujya n'uruza rw'imodoka rwarushijeho kugaragara cyane kandi rwabaye imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye zibangamira iterambere ry'imijyi. Kugaragara kw'amatara y'ibinyabiziga bituma imodoka zishobora kugenzurwa neza, ibyo bigira ingaruka zigaragara ku gukata urujya n'uruza rw'imodoka, kunoza ubushobozi bw'umuhanda no kugabanya impanuka. Itara ry'ibinyabiziga muri rusange rigizwe n'itara ritukura (bivuze ko nta nzira iri kunyura), itara ry'icyatsi kibisi (bivuze ko inzira iri kunyura) n'itara ry'umuhondo (bivuze ko inzira iri kunyura). Rishobora kugabanywamo itara ry'ibinyabiziga, itara ry'ikinyabiziga kidakoresha moteri, itara ry'ikinyabiziga cyambukiranya inzira, itara ry'ikinyabiziga cyerekana icyerekezo, itara ry'ikinyabiziga cyerekana ko inzira iri kunyuramo, itara ry'ikinyabiziga gihurira ku muhanda na gari ya moshi, nibindi bitewe n'imiterere n'intego zitandukanye.
Dukurikije ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku isoko n'ingamba z'ishoramari byatanzwe n'inganda z'amatara y'ibimenyetso by'imodoka mu Bushinwa kuva mu 2022 kugeza 2027 na Ikigo cy'Ubushakashatsi cy'Ubushinwa mu Bushinwa Research & Development Co., Ltd.
Mu 1968, Amasezerano y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ku bijyanye n'ibinyabiziga byo mu muhanda n'ibyapa n'ibimenyetso byo mu muhanda yavugaga icyo amatara atandukanye y'ibimenyetso asobanura. Itara ry'icyatsi kibisi ni ikimenyetso cy'umuhanda. Ibinyabiziga bireba itara ry'icyatsi kibisi bishobora kugenda bigororotse, bigahindukira ibumoso cyangwa iburyo, keretse ikindi kimenyetso kibuza inzira runaka. Ibinyabiziga bihindukira ibumoso n'iburyo bigomba guha umwanya w'imbere ibinyabiziga bigendera mu nzira yemewe n'amategeko n'abanyamaguru bambuka inzira y'umuhanda. Itara ritukura ni ikimenyetso cyo kutajyayo. Ibinyabiziga bireba itara ritukura bigomba guhagarara inyuma y'umurongo wo guhagarara aho inzira y'umuhanda ihurira. Itara ry'umuhondo ni ikimenyetso cy'uburinzi. Ibinyabiziga bireba itara ry'umuhondo ntibishobora kwambuka umurongo wo guhagarara, ariko bishobora kwinjira aho inzira y'umuhanda ihurira iyo biri hafi cyane y'umurongo wo guhagarara kandi ntibishobora guhagarara mu mutekano. Kuva icyo gihe, iyi ngingo yahindutse rusange ku isi yose.
Ikimenyetso cy’umuhanda kigenzurwa ahanini na microcontroller cyangwa poroseseri ya Linux imbere, kandi igice cyacyo gifite umuyoboro w’uruhererekane, umuyoboro w’itumanaho, urufunguzo, ecran yo kwerekana, urumuri rw’icyerekezo n’izindi interface. Bisa nkaho bidagoye, ariko kubera ko imikorere yacyo igoye kandi igomba gukora imyaka myinshi, ifite ibisabwa byinshi kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bikomeze kandi bigire ireme. Amatara yo mu muhanda ni kimwe mu bice by’ingenzi bya sisitemu igezweho y’umuhanda mu mijyi, ikoreshwa mu kugenzura no gucunga ibimenyetso by’umuhanda mu mijyi.
Dukurikije amakuru, amatara ya mbere y’ikimenyetso cy’umuhanda mu Bushinwa yari British Concession i Shanghai. Mu ntangiriro za 1923, Shanghai Public Concession yatangiye gukoresha ibikoresho bya mekanike mu masangano amwe n’amwe kugira ngo itegeke imodoka guhagarara no kugenda imbere. Ku ya 13 Mata 1923, amatara abiri y’ingenzi y’umuhanda wa Nanjing yabanje gushyirwaho amatara y’ikimenyetso, yagenzurwaga n’abapolisi bo mu muhanda n’intoki.
Kuva ku ya 1 Mutarama 2013, Ubushinwa bwashyize mu bikorwa amabwiriza mashya yerekeye ikoreshwa n'ikoreshwa ry'uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga. Isesengura ry'ingingo nshya zatanzwe n'inzego zibishinzwe ryagaragaje neza ko "gufata itara ry'umuhondo ari igikorwa cyo kwica amatara y'ikimenyetso cy'umuhanda, kandi umushoferi azacibwa amande arenga yuan 20 ariko ari munsi ya yuan 200, kandi amanota 6 azafatwa." Ayo mategeko mashya amaze gushyirwaho, yakora ku mutima abashoferi b'ibinyabiziga. Abashoferi benshi bakunze kubura icyo bakora iyo bahuye n'amatara y'umuhondo mu masangano y'imihanda. Amatara y'umuhondo yahoze ari "ibintu bibutsa" abashoferi ubu yabaye "imitego itemewe n'amategeko" abantu batinya.
Iterambere ry'amatara y'imodoka afite ubwenge
Bitewe n’iterambere rya interineti y’ibintu, amakuru menshi, ubwenge bw’ubukorano n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, ishami rishinzwe ubwikorezi ribona ko gukoresha uburyo bugezweho ari byo byonyine bishobora kunoza ibibazo bikomeye by’imodoka. Kubwibyo, impinduka “y’ubwenge” mu bikorwa remezo by’imihanda yabaye inzira idashobora kwirindwa mu iterambere ry’ubwikorezi bw’ubwenge. Amatara yo mu muhanda ni uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gucunga no kugenzura ibinyabiziga mu mijyi, kandi kuvugurura sisitemu yo kugenzura amatara y’ibimenyetso bizagira ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kugabanya ubucucike bw’ibinyabiziga. Dukurikije iterambere ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’ubwenge bw’ubukorano, amatara y’ibimenyetso by’umuhanda ashingiye ku gutunganya amashusho na sisitemu zishyirwamo aragaragara uko ibihe bikenerwa kugira ngo hakosorwe ibikoresho n’ibikoresho by’imodoka mu ikoranabuhanga. Ku gisubizo cya sisitemu yo kugenzura ibimenyetso by’umuhanda by’ubwenge, igisubizo gitangwa na sisitemu ya Feiling ishyirwamo ni iki gikurikira: mu kabati ko kugenzura imihanda k’urumuri rw’ibimenyetso by’umuhanda kuri buri ihuriro, ikimenyetso cy’umuhanda gishobora gushushanywa hamwe n’ikibaho cy’ingenzi cya ARM ishyizwemo sisitemu ya Feiling ishyizwemo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-21-2022
