Kubera ko imijyi igenda yiyongera mu mijyi no gutwara ibinyabiziga mu Bushinwa, ubwinshi bw’imodoka bwarushijeho kugaragara kandi bwabaye imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye zibuza iterambere ry’imijyi. Kugaragara kw'amatara yerekana ibimenyetso byumuhanda bituma ibinyabiziga bishobora kugenzurwa neza, bigira ingaruka zigaragara mugucukura urujya n'uruza, kongera ubushobozi bwumuhanda no kugabanya impanuka zo mumuhanda. Itara ryerekana ibimenyetso byumuhanda rigizwe nurumuri rutukura (bivuze ko rutanyuze), itara ryatsi (bivuze kunyura biremewe) numucyo wumuhondo (bisobanura kuburira). Irashobora kugabanywa mumatara yikimenyetso cyibinyabiziga, itara ryerekana ibinyabiziga bidafite moteri, itara ryerekana inzira nyabagendwa, itara ryerekana inzira, itara ryerekana icyerekezo, itara ryerekana ibimenyetso byerekana itara, itara ryerekana ibimenyetso byumuhanda na gari ya moshi, nibindi ukurikije uburyo n'intego zitandukanye.
Raporo y’ubushakashatsi bwimbitse n’ingamba z’ishoramari zerekana raporo y’inganda zerekana ibimenyetso by’imodoka z’Ubushinwa kuva mu 2022 kugeza mu 2027 n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’Ubushinwa cy’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’Ubushinwa.
Mu 1968, Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yerekeye ibinyabiziga byo mu muhanda n’ibimenyetso by’imihanda n'ibimenyetso byerekanaga ibisobanuro by'amatara atandukanye. Itara ryatsi nicyapa cyumuhanda. Ibinyabiziga bireba itara ryatsi birashobora kugenda neza, guhindukirira ibumoso cyangwa iburyo, keretse ikindi kimenyetso kibuza guhinduka. Ibinyabiziga bihindukirira ibumoso n'iburyo bigomba gushyira imbere ibinyabiziga bigenda byemewe n'amategeko mu masangano hamwe nabanyamaguru bambuka umuhanda. Itara ritukura ntabwo ari ikimenyetso cyo kugenda. Ibinyabiziga bireba itara ritukura bigomba guhagarara inyuma yumurongo uhagarara ku masangano. Itara ry'umuhondo ni ikimenyetso cyo kuburira. Ibinyabiziga bireba itara ry'umuhondo ntibishobora kurenga umurongo uhagarara, ariko birashobora kwinjira mu masangano iyo byegereye cyane umurongo uhagarara kandi ntibishobora guhagarara neza. Kuva icyo gihe, iyi ngingo imaze kuba isi yose.
Ikimenyetso cyumuhanda kigenzurwa cyane cyane na microcontroller cyangwa Linux itunganya imbere, kandi peripheri ifite ibyuma byuruhererekane, icyambu, urufunguzo, kwerekana ecran, urumuri rwerekana nibindi bice. Ntabwo bisa nkibigoye, ariko kubera ko aho ikorera ikaze kandi ikeneye gukora ubudahwema imyaka myinshi, ifite ibisabwa byinshi kugirango ibicuruzwa bihamye kandi byiza. Itara ryumuhanda nikimwe mubice byingenzi bigize sisitemu yo mumijyi igezweho, ikoreshwa mugucunga no gucunga ibimenyetso byumuhanda wo mumijyi.
Dukurikije amakuru, itara rya mbere ryerekana ibimenyetso by’umuhanda mu Bushinwa ni Concession y’Abongereza muri Shanghai. Nko mu 1923, Ishami rusange rya Shanghai ryatangiye gukoresha ibikoresho bya mashini kumasangano amwe kugirango bigishe ibinyabiziga guhagarara no kujya imbere. Ku ya 13 Mata 1923, amasangano abiri y'ingenzi y'umuhanda wa Nanjing yashyizwe bwa mbere n'amatara y'ibimenyetso, yagenzurwaga n'intoki n'abapolisi bo mu muhanda.
Kuva ku ya 1 Mutarama 2013, Ubushinwa bwashyize mu bikorwa ingingo ziheruka zerekeye gusaba no gukoresha uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga. Ibisobanuro by’ingingo nshya n’inzego zibishinzwe byagaragaje neza ko "gufata itara ry'umuhondo ari igikorwa cyo kurenga ku matara y’umuhanda, kandi umushoferi azacibwa amande arenga 20, ariko munsi y’amafaranga 200, kandi amanota 6 azandikwa . ” Amabwiriza mashya amaze gushyirwaho, bakoze ku mitsi yabatwara ibinyabiziga. Abashoferi benshi bakunze kubura iyo bahuye namatara yumuhondo kumihanda. Amatara yumuhondo yahoze ari "kwibutsa" kubashoferi ubu yabaye "imitego itemewe" abantu batinya.
Iterambere ryiterambere ryamatara yumuhanda
Hamwe niterambere rya interineti yibintu, amakuru manini, ubwenge bwubuhanga hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryamakuru, ishami ryubwikorezi rimenya ko hakoreshejwe uburyo bwikoranabuhanga ryonyine ariryo rishobora gukemuka ibibazo byumuhanda bikabije. Kubwibyo, guhindura "ubwenge" ibikorwa remezo byimihanda byabaye byanze bikunze iterambere ryubwikorezi bwubwenge. Itara ryumuhanda nuburyo bwingenzi bwo gucunga no kugenzura imijyi yo mumijyi, kandi kuzamura sisitemu yo kugenzura amatara bizagira amahirwe menshi yo kugabanya ubwinshi bwimodoka. Mugihe cyiterambere ryihuse ryikoranabuhanga ryubwenge, amatara yumuhanda yubwenge ashingiye kubitunganya amashusho hamwe na sisitemu yashyizwemo mugihe ibihe bisaba gutondekanya imibare no kugura ibikoresho bya traffic traffic nibikoresho. Kubisubizo bya sisitemu yo kugenzura ibimenyetso byumuhanda byubwenge, igisubizo gitangwa na Feiling yashyizwemo nuburyo bukurikira: muri kabine ishinzwe kugenzura umuhanda wumurongo wumucyo wumucyo wumuriro kuri buri masangano, ibimenyetso byumuhanda birashobora gutegurwa hamwe ninama yibanze ya ARM yibanze ya Sisitemu yashyizwemo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-21-2022
